Thyroid dysfunction in infants with severe intestinal insufficiency: a case series.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe the status of thyroid function in infants with severe intestinal dysfunction. CASE DESCRIPTION: A retrospective study was conducted in a tertiary neonatal intensive care center, including newborns and infants with severe intestinal dysfunction, hospitalized between 2015 and 2020. From the medical records, the following data were collected: gestational age, birth weight, underlying pathology that led to intestinal dysfunction, hospital stay, presence of thyroid dysfunction, age from the onset of thyroid dysfunction, initial and maximum dose of levothyroxine replacement, and levothyroxine administration route and outcome. Seven children (0.76% of 914 hospitalizations) developed severe intestinal insufficiency: vanishing gastroschisis (42.9%), Berdon syndrome (28.5%), apple peel (14.3%), and OIES syndrome (14.3%) - omphalocele, exstrophy of cloaca, imperforate anus, and spina bifida. The mean gestational age was 33.3±1.6 weeks, the mean birth weight was 2,113.9±370.9 g, the median hospitalization was 420 days, and mortality was 42.9%. Of these seven cases, four (57.1%) presented thyroid dysfunction, evaluated by blood hormone dosages and the dose of levothyroxine replacement ranged from 25 to 100 µg/day, administered by gastric or rectal route. COMMENTS: This series of cases draws attention to thyroid dysfunction (hypothyroidism) in children with severe intestinal insufficiency receiving exclusive parenteral nutrition for a prolonged period, whose etiology is iodine deficiency, because, in Brazil, micronutrient solutions added to parenteral nutrition do not contain iodine.

Thyroid dysfunction in infants with severe intestinal insufficiency: a case series / Disfunção tireoidiana em lactentes com insuficiência intestinal grave: descrição de uma série de casos

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the status of thyroid function in infants with severe intestinal dysfunction. Case description: A retrospective study was conducted in a tertiary neonatal intensive care center, including newborns and infants with severe intestinal dysfunction, hospitalized between 2015 and 2020. From the medical records, the following data were collected: gestational age, birth weight, underlying pathology that led to intestinal dysfunction, hospital stay, presence of thyroid dysfunction, age from the onset of thyroid dysfunction, initial and maximum dose of levothyroxine replacement, and levothyroxine administration route and outcome. Seven children (0.76% of 914 hospitalizations) developed severe intestinal insufficiency: vanishing gastroschisis (42.9%), Berdon syndrome (28.5%), apple peel (14.3%), and OIES syndrome (14.3%) - omphalocele, exstrophy of cloaca, imperforate anus, and spina bifida. The mean gestational age was 33.3±1.6 weeks, the mean birth weight was 2,113.9±370.9 g, the median hospitalization was 420 days, and mortality was 42.9%. Of these seven cases, four (57.1%) presented thyroid dysfunction, evaluated by blood hormone dosages and the dose of levothyroxine replacement ranged from 25 to 100 μg/day, administered by gastric or rectal route. Comments: This series of cases draws attention to thyroid dysfunction (hypothyroidism) in children with severe intestinal insufficiency receiving exclusive parenteral nutrition for a prolonged period, whose etiology is iodine deficiency, because, in Brazil, micronutrient solutions added to parenteral nutrition do not contain iodine.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever o status da função tireoidiana em lactentes com disfunção intestinal grave. Descrição do caso: Estudo retrospectivo, realizado em um centro de terapia intensiva neonatal de nível terciário, que incluiu recém-nascidos e lactentes com disfunção intestinal grave, internados entre 2015 e 2020. Dos prontuários foram obtidos: idade gestacional; peso de nascimento; patologia de base que levou à disfunção intestinal; tempo de internação; presença de disfunção tireoidiana; idade no início da disfunção tireoidiana; dose inicial e máxima da reposição de levotiroxina; via de administração da levotiroxina e desfecho. Sete crianças (0,76% do total de 914 internações) evoluíram com insuficiência intestinal grave: vanishing gastrosquise (42,9%), síndrome de Berdon (28,5), apple peel (14,3%) e síndrome onfalocele, ânus imperfurado, extrofia de cloaca e espinha bífida — OIES (14,3%). A média de idade gestacional foi de 33,3±1,6 semanas e de peso ao nascimento de 2113,9±370,9 gramas; a mediana de internação foi de 420 dias e a mortalidade foi de 42,9%. Desses sete casos, quatro (57,1%) apresentaram disfunção tireoidiana, avaliada por dosagens hormonais séricas, e a dose de reposição de levotiroxina variou de 25 a 100 mcg/dia, administrada por via gástrica ou retal. Comentários: Esta série de casos chama a atenção para a disfunção tireoidiana (hipotireoidismo) em crianças com insuficiência intestinal severa que receberam nutrição parenteral exclusiva por tempo prolongado, cuja etiologia é a deficiência de iodo, pois no Brasil as soluções de micronutrientes adicionadas à nutrição parenteral não contêm iodo.

Profilaxia com lock de etanol em cateter venoso central de longa permanência em crianças com disfunção intestinal grave: relato de seis casos / Ethanol lock prophylaxis in long-stay central venous catheters in children with severe intestinal dysfunction: a report of six cases

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar o uso de lock de etanol na profilaxia infecciosa de cateteres venosos de longa permanência em recém-nascidos com disfunção intestinal grave e dependentes de nutrição parenteral total e prolongada, internados em um Centro de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal (nível terciário) entre 2015 e 2020. Das 914 admissões, seis (0,65%) recém-nascidos preencheram os critérios de inclusão. A mediana da idade da passagem do cateter foi de 121,5 dias, sendo dois cateteres PowerPicc (PICC Power Sinergy™, São Paulo), um cateter Groshong (Groshong™ Central Venous Catheter BD, São Paulo) e três cateteres de silicone, todos tunelizados. O tempo de permanência apresentou mediana de 182,5 dias. Cinco pacientes apresentaram pelo menos um episódio de infecção associada ao cateter venoso central, sendo isolados agentes Gram-positivos, negativos e fungos. A mediana de dias de internação foi de 555, e a mortalidade, 33,3%. O lock de etanol não apresentou efeitos colaterais e foi relativamente eficaz na prevenção de infecções relacionadas ao cateter venoso central.

Abstract The aim of this study was to report on use of ethanol lock in long-term catheters in newborns with severe intestinal dysfunction, dependent on total and prolonged parenteral nutrition, in a Neonatal Intensive Care Center (tertiary level), between 2015 and 2020. Six infants (0.65%) out of the 914 admitted during the period met the inclusion criteria. The median age at catheter placement was 121.5 days. Two Powerpicc (PICC Power Sinergy™, São Paulo), one Groshong (Groshong™ Central Venous Catheter BD, São Paulo), and three silicone catheters were used, all tunneled, and the median dwell duration was 182.5 days. Four patients had at least one episode of infection related to the central venous catheter, and Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and fungal agents were isolated. The median length of hospital stay was 555 days and mortality was 33.3%. The ethanol lock did not cause any side effects and was relatively effective in preventing infections related to the central venous catheter.